Friday, August 30, 2019
Characters of Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff and Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks Essay
The First World War is known to be one of the worst, if not the worst war in military history. The strategies used were often ineffective and repetitive, meaning a lack of movement and years of stalemate on the western front. Soldiers had to live in conditions which were squalid and foul, they had to deal with diseases such as trench foot and millions of rats and lice infestations. These general images of soldiers living in these fetid conditions has become widely known and linked with the huge suffering caused by the First World War. The use of literature can enable us to gain a picture of what trench warfare was really like. ââ¬ËJourneyââ¬â¢s Endââ¬â¢ a play written by R.C. Sherriff in 1928 based on his own life experiences gives a realistic image of life as a soldier in the trenches. However, the novel ââ¬ËBirdsongââ¬â¢ by Sebastian Faulks which was not written till 2005 gives a version of what Faulks believed trench warfare to be like; it is a fictional idea based on knowledge and understanding of World War One. Also the authors chose different formats with one being a novel the other a play, thus giving them contrasting ways of conveying soldiersââ¬â¢ experiences of war. A play deals with the actions and reactions of characters using dialogue and yet a novel can go into the heads of characters, giving the reader an understanding of a personââ¬â¢s emotions and feelings through description and narrative. The characters presented in both Journeyââ¬â¢s End and Birdsong are attempting to avoid and deal with the horrors of trench warfare in many different ways including; drinking, violence, and memories of loved ones and trying to use humour as a way of distancing themselves from the horrors facing them. Each character has to find there own way of dealing with the situation, as anyone would when faced with the constant fear of death. In both Journeyââ¬â¢s End and Birdsong we get a glimpse of what the characters Stanhope and Wraysford were like before the terror of war affected them. In Journeyââ¬â¢s End although we donââ¬â¢t see Stanhope before the war; Sherriff cleverly uses Raleigh to give us an idea of what he was like when he was younger. We see Raleigh as this optimistic, patriotic man excited at the prospect of going into war alongside his childhood hero. His confession to Osborne that he was ââ¬ËKeen to get out hereââ¬â¢ is a representation of many patriotic soldiers at the break out of the first world war and could show us how Stanhope may have felt before the realisation of what warfare was really like. The growing sense of conflict between Stanhope and Raleigh just shows how much the war has changed Stanhope, and affected him. Not only do we see Raleigh as a young version of Stanhope but also we hear from him background information on Stanhopeââ¬â¢s life, ââ¬Ëhe was skipper of Rugger at Barford, and kept wicket for the eleven. A jolly good bat, too.ââ¬â¢ This is not needed in Birdsong as we gain a background on what Wraysford was like before the war in part one of the novel. Novels allow writers to add descriptive back stories through narrative rather than dialogue, we can learn about one personââ¬â¢s perspective unlike in a play when we are unable to hear thoughts and feelings ââ¬â these can only be expressed through actors portraying the role. Birdsong can go into depth about the emotional effects war can have on a person, which is a tricky detail to encapsulate in a play and yet I believe R.C. Sherriff uses dialogue and the actions of each individual to show their emotional state. We can see strongly in both, just what the war can do, seeing and living in those conditions certainly would bring about change in a person however it is the way they deal with it that helps them continue on through. An easy escape for many soldiers during the war was drink. For an ordinary private on the front line getting alcohol was hard and they were only allowed a small drop before going over the top, however officers were allowed to drink (as believed responsible enough for it) and alcoholism among officers was common. Both Stanhope in Journeyââ¬â¢s End and Wraysford and Weir in Birdsong use drink as a method of getting through the horrors in front of them, ââ¬ËShe doesnââ¬â¢t know that if I went up those steps into the front line ââ¬â without being doped with whisky ââ¬â Iââ¬â¢d go mad with frightââ¬â¢. Drink was a way to forget, and maybe for a moment be away from the front line in their heads, although eventually become addicted not needing it for any purpose but for wanting, ââ¬Ëcast his eyes round hopefully. Stephen reluctantly pushed a bottle towards himââ¬â¢. Drink was not the best way to deal with the situation though, it may have clouded their memories but would not have completed erase them ââ¬Ëif sleep came it was as a gift and was as likely to come after tea as after alcoholââ¬â¢. Soldiers on the front line could turn on each other, either because of alcohol consumption or just the fact that these men were pushed together in such bad conditions. Maybe getting angry at one another would give them something other than fighting the enemy to focus on ââ¬ËHibbert raises his stick and strikes blindly at Stanhopeââ¬â¢. The violence shown in Journeyââ¬â¢s End could also represent the battles taking place outside, as an audience member you never get to see any conflict between the enemy and therefore Stanhopeââ¬â¢s arguments and fights with the soldierââ¬â¢s substitutes this. The anger Stanhope feels towards Hibbert and also Raleigh, could also show us how he feels and acts in battle situations. Unlike Journeyââ¬â¢s End in Birdsong we are able to follow Stephen as he goes out into No-manââ¬â¢s land, fighting for his life but we also get violence in the trenches too ââ¬ËFuck off, Weir, fuck off out of my wayââ¬â¢. The use of the word ââ¬Ëfuckââ¬â¢ is a powerful one; we can understand Wraysfordââ¬â¢s fear just through that one word, all his fear for the battle ahead builds up the tension. In Journeyââ¬â¢s End Stanhope is worried about what Raleigh would write home in his letter, I believe that maybe another matter that Stanhope uses to redirect his thoughts away from memories, it gives him something else to think about. Which again leads to more violence ââ¬ËDââ¬â¢you understand an order? Give me that letter!ââ¬â¢ Despite these small areas of conflict there is a strong theme in both Journeyââ¬â¢s End and Birdsong, of comradeship. Men on the front line were often forced into forming new relationships with people and often because of this gained extraordinarily strong bonds with men they were fighting alongside with. This is shown by the example of Stanhope and Osborne, and shown to the audience in many scenes but mostly through the touching goodbye scene before the fatal raid and right at the end Stanhope and Raleigh final bond over his death, ââ¬ËStanhope sits with one hand on Raleighââ¬â¢s armââ¬â¢ they had fought together in the same battles and known what the other men had seen, they understood. In Birdsong the strong relationship between Wraysford and Weir grew throughout the novel and like many soldiers on the frontline Wraysford needed Weir for company and to help his sanity, ââ¬ËWeir alone had made the war bearableââ¬â¢ friendships like Weirââ¬â¢s and Wraysfordââ¬â¢s meant that soldiers could get through the war together. They did not need to be alone. Although Raleigh in Journeyââ¬â¢s End believed he needed to distance himself when Osborne dies, Raleigh who is first seen as this innocent character in the beginning of the play is opened to this horror after the death of Osborne, he now knows truly just how hard . He eats away from the officers with the other men, he finds it disrespectful that the others are eating and drinking. Maybe some may believe distancing themselves would mean when or if it came to them dying it would not be as hard. Many soldiers needed to be friends, to join together because even though loss is hard the sharing of jokes in such a situation as terrible as this one may have helped. In Journeyââ¬â¢s End many of the characters particularly Trotterââ¬â¢s main form of escapism is in making jokes about the war and the Germans ââ¬ËI expect a nasty old Germanââ¬â¢ll cop out of it and say, ââ¬ËOck der Kaiserââ¬â¢ in doing this they are able to cover up their fear and make light of the situation. In Birdsong the use of comedy is more subtle, the soldiers go down to the pub and watch entertainment and laugh with each other as friends rather than making obvious jokes. Jack performing for the soldiers gave some time for the men to relax and enjoy themselves. ââ¬ËIf they could shout loud enough, they might bring the world back to its senses; they might laugh loud enough to raise the deadââ¬â¢ although raising the dead was not possible, the idea that in laughing and having as good a time as you can they could remember their losses and keep them alive in their thoughts. In Journeyââ¬â¢s End some of the soldiers liked to talk about home and familiar things like rugby and cricket to take their minds of the horrors of trench warfare. Thinking about home would help them to remember how their life was before the war; it would make them want to get out and gave them something to live for. Another thing they might think about is their girlfriends, wives or just women in general, ââ¬ËI just prayed to come through the war ââ¬â and ââ¬â and do things ââ¬â and keep absolutely fit for herââ¬â¢. Jack Firebrace wanted to survive for his family, dealt with the struggle with the belief he had his wife and child to return to ââ¬ËHis endurance was for them; the care he took to try to stay alive was so that he would see the boy againââ¬â¢. As for Stephen he did not have a family or anyone really he wanted to go home for, he kept on fighting and wanting to survive for the men who had died before, he wanted to win, to continue for their benefit. The idea and hope that the men he had lost had not died in vain. With trench conditions as foul as they were; rats, lice and illnesses such as trench foot one thing that could keep the men going was the idea and the relief of getting food. The importance of food in Journeyââ¬â¢s End is shown by how many times the men talk about it and bring it up in general conversation. Complaining about inconsequential things like chunks of pineapple instead of apricots take their minds of the war ââ¬ËI say, Stanhope, itââ¬â¢s a terrible business. We thought weââ¬â¢d got a tin of pineapple chunks; it turns out to be apricotsââ¬â¢. The men on the front lines wouldnââ¬â¢t very often have the nicest of food, and when Stanhope has to visit the Colonel and is given really expensive foods he immediately thinks of his men but he will eat the food as it is the one thing that he can gain pleasure from ââ¬ËA thin stew followed, then ripe cheese and fresh bread. Lunch went on past three oââ¬â¢clockâ⬠¦Stephen smiled to himself, aware that his bri ef flight from reality would soon be endedââ¬â¢. Birdsong touches on the idea of religion and how this can be affected by war. Many soldiers lost their faith due to the mass slaughter or even the loss of a son at home like Jack Firebrace however Stephen seemed to gain a belief in God, the idea that nothing this cruel can be the end. He hoped that when Weir or any other Soldier died they had a better world to escape to and maybe this idea kept him going helped him deal with the death of his friends. Journeyââ¬â¢s End doesnââ¬â¢t really touch on the menââ¬â¢s faith or religion, however the idea of hero worshipping used by Raleigh could be linked. The belief in a God and a higher being could also be like Raleigh looking up to Stanhope ââ¬ËI believe Raleigh will go on liking you ââ¬â and looking up to you ââ¬â through everything. Thereââ¬â¢s something very deep, and rather fine, about hero worship.ââ¬â¢ Many soldiers may have used the method of positive thinking like Osborne to cover up just how scared and fearful they were ââ¬ËI never knew the sun could rise in so many ways till I came out hereââ¬â¢. Each soldier on the front line had to choose their own way of escaping and dealing with the horrors of trench warfare. The putrid living conditions and the everyday horror of death meant that it was necessary for them to break out of the truth they were living. Many of the methods used in both Journeyââ¬â¢s End and Birdsong are similar but their methods were carried out in different ways. Others didnââ¬â¢t use methods at all, they just didnââ¬â¢t cope; like Hibbert in Journeyââ¬â¢s End faking an illness to get away. Each character in either Journeyââ¬â¢s End or Birdsong took on different methods of dealing with their long hardships and suffering. The true horrors of the war however could not be forgotten, the sight of death and the stench in the trenches would not be quickly removed from their thoughts. These literary texts both play and book give us, today, just a brief insight into the lives of men on the western front, the challenges faced by these men were truly horrific and just surviving must have been a hardship. No one now or then on the home front could ever know the true extent of the struggle and the effects it had both mentally and physically, ââ¬ËIf they could see the way these men live they would not believe their eyes. This is not a war; this is an exploration of how far men can be degraded.ââ¬â¢
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